Carbon and carbon dioxide are now firmly in the spot light on how they affect climate change and global warming. Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere results in increased temperatures, thus affecting the global climate. Increased carbon dioxide levels are due to our prolonged and ever increasing use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are effectively a carbon store, which is kept deep under ground. If oil, gas and coal remain underground, they do not contribute to the carbon cycle. When we burn fossil fuels, we released the carbon they contain as carbon dioxide and this increases the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. As we continue to use fossil fuels, we continue to increase the levels of carbon dioxide in the air, increasing the global temperature. Therefore its globally agreed that we must move away from fuels which increase the levels of carbon, which are carbon positive, on to fuels which are carbon neutral or carbon negative. Renewable energy can be produced through wind and solar, which do not affect the carbon cycle., however they will only play a part in our energy future, they cannot be the whole solution.
Other forms of renewable energy are required, and biomass is one form. Biomass is any cellulose plant life which can potentially used as a fuel source. This includes wood, straw, grasses and many other different biomass forms. A practical way to use and efficiently use and create energy from these materials is to upgrade them into pellets. Wood pellets are currently the most popular form of biomass energy, however other biomass pellets will be needed in the future. Using biomass pellets is either carbon neutral or even carbon negative. Biomass and plants in general are part of the carbon cycle; they consume carbon dioxide for use in photosynthesis to grow. When the plants die and decay or are used in combustion, the carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. With the growth of new biomass, the carbon dioxide is then used again., and therefore the process is part of a cycle and does not contribute additional carbon to the atmosphere.
If biomass is ash is properly used, biomass can be carbon negative. The ash remaining from biomass combustion is an excellent soil conditioner. It enables the soil to hold more water and nutrients, which enables better plant growth. This ash contains carbon from the air, which is then trapped into the soil. This is essentially a reversal of the process of the effects of burning fossil fuels. It is even possible to use biomass ash to reclaim unfertile desert land in countries such as Australia. Once this land is productive again more crops can be grown accelerating the process of reducing the percentage of carbon in the atmosphere to suitable levels.
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The popularity of pellets is constantly increasing, with several good reasons. Fossil fuel prices, global warming and climate change mean our attitudes to fuel and energy need to change. Currently gas and oil are the most common forms of energy to heat our homes and businesses. However gas and oil, as they are fossil fuels are contributing to global warming and increasing the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This increase in carbon dioxide is what is causing increased temperatures and climate change. Pellets for pellet stoves and boilers can be made from many different types of raw material, currently the most popular form of fuel pellets are wood pellets, and specifically premium wood pellets. Fuel pellets in the form of grass pellets, straw pellets and hemp pellets will become more popular in the future.
So why are pellets a green and environmental fuel, unlike fossil fuels. Well to begin with wood, straws and grasses are renewable, so when we use resources we can grow more and so we can continue to the cycle and keep demand and supply even. Another way to describe the relationship is wood, straws and grasses are sustainable resources. Fossil fuels are not sustainable, as we consume fossil fuels much quicker than they are made. Fossil fuels takes millions of years of pressure and heat to produce under ground, and we currently use these resources as our soul source of energy. As the worlds population continues to increase, we cannot continue our consumption of fossil fuel, as at the current rate they will run out. For a fuel to be green and environmentally friendly it must either be carbon negative or carbon neutral. This simply means by using the fuel excess carbon is not released into the atmosphere. As wood, straws and grasses use carbon dioxide to grow they are part of the natural carbon cycle. Fossil fuels are carbon, which has been trapped under ground and is not part of the carbon cycle. So when we burn fossil fuels we are increasing the levels of carbon in the atmosphere, and increased carbon dioxide means increased temperatures and global warming.
Pellets made from wood, straws and grass is one of the easiest low energy input ways to tern these raw materials and their energy potential into a fuel to be used in the small stove at your home, up to the industrial boiler that heat industrial buildings. Making pellets has been going on for over a century, and the technology and expertise is already available in the animal feed industry for example. The advantage with pellet production is it can be undertaken on both large scale and small scale. And more pellet producer’s means more competition, which means more, jobs and stable fuel prices. Two things today that we need more than ever.
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A wood pellet is simply a compressed form of various woody resources and waste resources. For example sawdust, planner shavings and timber off cuts.
Wood pellets are therefore in many cases using waste resources from other wood industries, which is a good thing. Today still many wood and timber by-products are simply taken to land fill, as the owners have no use for the material and do not have the space to store it. It even costs the owners to have the waste wood disposed of to land fill and transportation costs are high. However many of these resources are ideal to be turned into wood pellets, however many people have never heard of a wood pellet and currently wood pellet production is still relatively small.
However within the next few years wood pellet production will see a dramatic increase due to the need for green renewable energy sources and the need for a reduction in land fill dumping. Producers of wood waste need a new use for the material as in some countries it is now illegal to dump wood waste. Both large and small-scale wood pellet plants are being set-up all over the world. The waste wood could be taken to the plant and milled into small particles only a few millimetres wide.
The different wood waste milled material would then be mixed together to create a consistent blend. The milled wood waste would then be dried to between 10-15% moisture content. The dried wood waste then enters the pellet mill where under heat and pressure it is reformed into pellets.
To produce premium wood pellets, not bark must be present in the raw material. The as content of the pellet will be increased if the wood contains bark. Some pellet stoves and boilers cannot handle higher ash contents and may even fail due to faults. Increased ash also means the user has more maintenance to take care of. This includes emptying the ashbin more often and cleaning the stove and heat exchanger tubes. To get the most heat possible from the premium wood pellets they must have very low moisture content. The moisture content of the raw material is between 10-15%, and the finished pellet is below 10%. By having a very low moisture content means a high efficiency, high heat value can be obtained meaning some pellet stoves an boilers have an efficiency as high as 99%. If you compare this to a standard wood log stove, the seasoned wood will have moisture content around 30%, which means standard wood stoves normally have an efficiency rating of around 50%. This lower efficiency means less heat is produced, more maintenance for the user and more emissions.
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Pellet stoves, boilers and other pellet burners are becoming more and more popular to generate heat and energy for homes and businesses. So how do they work and why are pellets the ideal fuel for these automatic systems. Most pellet stoves, boiler and burners operate on a hopper system, which feeds a burn pot. The pellets in the hopper are fed to the burn pot via an auger system. The auger system will be variable speed. The variable speed on the auger system is important to regulate temperature, and for adjustments on the different types of pellets. For increased temperature the auger will feed for longer. In many systems the auger will feed the burn pot every 30 seconds, how many seconds it feeds for is what can be adjusted to get more or less heat. The auger speed and timing also needs to be adjusted as not all pellets burn the same and generate the same amount of heat. Some pellets are denser and contain more energy; these pellets will be feed slower and less often into the burn pot than fast burning low energy pellets. A consistent room temperature is clearly the objective, and so the stove must be flexible enough to reach that temperature with a range of different pellets. Most pellet stoves are controlled via a wall thermostat, and the stove will monitor its own temperature, actual and desired room temperature to make the necessary adjustments, for example auger feed rate and timing. Today some stoves can even be started by mobile phone. The owner on their way home can send a txt message to the stove and it will start up. The property is up to temperature when the owner gets home.
What makes fuel pellets ideal for stoves and boilers? The reasons are based around several qualities pellets have. Firstly pellets flow like a liquid, and so are ideal for hopper and auger feed systems. They have a uniform size and shape and so are less likely to cause issues in the auger. Wood chip boilers tend to have issues with oddly shaped chips every so often, which can block the auger. The second reason is pellets have a much higher density than unprocessed biomass such as wood chips, and increased density means increased combustion efficiency. Finally pellets have very low moisture content, generally below 10%, compared to between 30-50% for wood chip. Combustion efficiency is also achieved through low fuel moisture content. To summarise the features of pellets, it is their standardised form and features, which makes them more efficient, predictable and reliable in burning equipment. The small size, high energy content of pellets also means pellet burners can be a lot smaller than other types of biomass burners such as wood chip burners.
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Third-party companies will soon begin production of headphones that are compatible with the new version of iPod shuffle.
The new high tech new player standard 3.5 mm headphone jack, but the wire is 3 buttons remote control device. While these headphones produces only Apple, others are likely to require an adapter.
Plans for the release of new headphones, according to Apple, in particular, confirm the representatives of Monster Cable, and Etymotic Research.
Apple introduced the new iPod shuffle on 11 March. The device is equipped with four gigabytes of flash memory, as well as the function of VoiceOver, able in 14 languages to pronounce the names of songs, albums, and playlists. Screen in the new iPod shuffle, as in the preceding models, it is not.
Apple Inc. March 11, officially introduced a new version of the player iPod shuffle, which high tech shuffle functions through VoiceOver can pronounce the names of songs, playlists, and artist names. This is the first player in the world with such a function.
VoiceOver supports 14 languages, including English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. In Russian player is unable to speak. It should be noted that VoiceOver is already built into Mac OS X, which allows voice menus and other interface elements.
A new, third version of iPod shuffle is equipped with four gigabytes of memory, which allows it to pump in about a thousand songs. IPod shuffle battery provides 10 hours work without recharging.
As the player size is much less standard batteries AA, its weight is about 11 grams. Building the device is made of aluminum. As with previous iPod shuffle, the new model has no screen.
Apple Corporation second year in a row, ranked first in the ranking of companies worthy of admiration (world’s most admired companies). This ranking is compiled annually magazine Fortune. The publication notes that against the background of the disease head of Apple, Steve Jobs corporation, however, was able to time the first quarter of this year to sell 2.5 million computers Mac, at nine per cent growth compared with same period last year. Sales of iPod players during the same period of 2009 rose by three per cent and amounted to 22.7 million units.
The second took place in the ranking of investments billionaire Warren Buffett Berkshire Hathaway. Despite the fact that, due to the crisis fund shares have lost up to 49 per cent of its value, the company Buffett has provided financial assistance to General Electric and Goldman Sachs. The third line is the Toyota Motors, whose position as automakers continue to be strong enough, the magazine notes.
In the first ten ranking Fortune also hit Google, Johnson & Johnson, Procter & Gamble, FedEx, Southwest Airlines, General Electric and Microsoft. Top-50 closes Samsung Electronics.
In 2008, the first three places on the list took Apple, Berkshire Hathaway and General Electric. In 2007, the first three lines of the rating go to General Electric, StarBucks, and Toyota Motors.
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A relatively new form of renewable energy are fuel pellets. Traditionally pellets were just used for animal feed. Feed pellets and fuel pellets are similar in many ways. Both fuel pellet and feed pellets are made from a compressed milled raw material. Fuel pellets can be made from different raw materials; collectively these materials are referred to as biomass. There are many different types of biomass pellets, for example biomass pellets could be made from straw, such as barley straw and wheat straw. Many grasses are also being considered for biomass fuel pellets, this includes reed canary grass and switchgrass. Hemp also has a huge potential in the future for biomass fuel pellets, went burnt hemp pellets produce very little ash similar to premium wood pellets.
Wood pellets of a certain standard are referred to as premium wood pellets. Premium wood pellets are the most popular type of wood pellet used in the US and Europe. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used in the production of premium wood pellets. Usually the pellets are made from the waste of wood processing. So it is common for wood pellet plants to be setup next to sawmills. For example Canada has very little premium wood pellet consumption, however their premium wood pellet production is as high as Sweden, the worlds largest user and producer of premium wood pellets. For a wood pellet to be called a premium wood pellet it must have certain qualities. It must have very low ash content; in many cases this can be as low as 0.5%. For a premium wood pellet to produce so little ash the raw material must contain very little or no bark. The moisture content of a premium wood pellet must also be very low, this generally means below 10%, however many premium wood pellets are much lower. The density of a premium wood pellet is also very important. It must hold together well, and break cleanly producing few fines. Fines are basically particles which were not formed into pellets, the percentage of fines must be kept low. Excessive fines can cause issues with the auger system in the pellet stove or boiler, and also combustion efficiency is reduced meaning less heat and more ash is produced.
Premium wood pellets have benefits with efficient burning and low maintenance. The high density and very low moisture content of the premium wood pellet means a very high efficiency burn. Some wood pellet stoves are rated a being 99% efficient. This means as much heat as possible is extracted from the premium wood pellets and very little if any smoke can be seen exiting the chimney. The low ash content means the user will only have to clean the stove and empty the ashbin at most every few days. Some pellet stoves and boilers have very large ashbins and some have ash compression systems. Large ashbins and ash compression means stoves and boilers can operate from tens to hundreds of hours without attention.
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There are several factors you need to consider before purchasing a pellet boiler or stove. To begin with you must choose a unit that produces the required KW’s of heat you require. Secondly the aesthetics and how the stove looks and general size of unit need to be considered. There is an ever increasing selection of both pellet stoves and boilers to choose from, in a wide range of KW outputs and looks. Many pellet stoves are designed to be a focal feature of the room, and present the fire through glass, so the user can view the attractive flames. Some pellet stoves purely produce warm air, which will heat the room in which the stove sits. Air circulation systems can help to spread the heat around the property, however there are other options to heat the property with only a pellet stove. Back boiler are featured on some pellet stoves. The heat output of the stove is normally split between 80% water to send around the rest of the property, and 20% air to heat the room where the stove sits, ideally the living room. Pellet stoves with back boilers still produce relatively low total KW outputs. So they are only really suitable for small properties and very efficient low energy properties. For larger properties, pellet boilers are a more suitable option.
Pellet stove and boiler maintenance is dictated by two main factors, firstly the abilities of your unit, and secondly what type of pellets you are running the unit on. The main maintenance requirements are cleaning the heat exchanger tubes, and emptying the ashbin. Some stoves and boilers require manual cleaning of the heat exchanger tubes, using suitable brush tools. Some units have automatic spring cleaning systems. Every so often a set of springs, which sit in the tubes, are lifted then dropped, cleaning the tubes. Cleaning the heat exchanger tubes is very important to get good heat transfer; otherwise heat is wasted up the chimney. The ashbin on some stoves and boilers is very simple and the ash simply falls into the bin, and depending on how large the bin is, depends how often you have to empty it. Ash compression systems are available in some pellet burners. By compressing the ash it means the user has to empty the ashbin much less often. In some cases the ash may not need to be empted for months on end.
Maintenance of the pellet burner will be effected by the type of biomass pellets used, how often the heat exchanger tubes need to be cleaned and how quickly the ashbin fills up. Premium wood pellets have the lowest ash content, wood pellet with bark contain around 2% more ash. Straw and grass pellets will contain much more ash, up to even 10%.
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Briquettes and pellets are both forms of renewable energy, but what are the differences? Briquettes and pellets are very similar, however briquettes tend to be bigger than pellets. Both pellets and briquettes are formed through compression of the raw material in to a cylinder. Pellets tend to be small, ranging from a diameter of a few millimetres up to say 20mm. Briquettes on the other hand have a larger diameter from 20mm upwards, and resemble a wooden log. Pellets have a solid centre, and some briquettes have a solid centre and some have a hole in the centre. Some believe that a briquette with a hole in the centre burns more efficiently, and more complete combustion is achieved. However having a hole in the centre means for the same weight of fuel more briquettes are needed, which is unappealing to some as this means higher transportation costs. I’m sure this issue will be discussed more in the future to decide which feature is the most significant in terms of good combustion and reduced transport costs.
Pellets and briquettes have their own advantages and disadvantages. Pellets flow like a liquid, which is a significant advantage, as this means they can be used in automatic feed systems. This means a very low level of maintenance can be used even with a solid fuel. Automatic feed systems can be placed in a very small form factor even a small stove. You simply have to make sure the stoves hopper has enough fuel and it will feed its self. Depending on the stove and the size of the hopper, it could run for several hours’ even days. Briquettes on the other hand will have to be loaded by hand into the fire like logs; this means there is more maintenance involved. Briquettes are more suited to open fires than pellets, and so makes them ideal for developing countries for use in cooking stoves. A weakness both briquettes and pellets have is when they are exposed to moisture. Moisture will be absorbed and will make the pellets and briquettes disintegrate rendering them useless.
For automatic systems pellets are more suitable, and for cooking stoves briquettes are more suitable. It will be easier to convince the western world to choose pellets, as it is a more suitable choice. Systems can be designed to replicate the convenience of today’s oil and gas boilers, and even small stoves can be low cost and low management. For the western world to move onto green renewable fuels the changes in lifestyle must be small, the affect this change will have though will play a crucial role in combating climate change.
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Fuel pellets, for example wood pellets are set to be one of the main sources of heat for homes and buildings in the future. Almost any cellulose raw material can be turned into fuel pellets, for example straws, grasses and wood to name but a few, collectively they are referred to a biomass. The key to the pellets success and huge potential are its basic properties to resemble the flow of a liquid and high energy density. This means a lot of energy can be stored within a small space and can be metered into a pellet burner to provide heat on demand. This replicates the technology of current gas and oil systems, however fuel pellets made from biomass are a green environmental fuel, and they do not contribute to the current problem of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Biomass pellets is a carbon neutral fuel source, as it does not place additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere unlike fossil fuels. The reason for this is simple, biomass is plants, and plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to grow. So when you burn biomass you are simply placing that same carbon back into the air. And as you still need more biomass for energy you grow more biomass and the cycle continues.
Unprocessed biomass has a low energy density per square foot, changes in moisture content and it akward to handle due to differences in size and shape. If you think about these issues when trying to create a good efficient self-fueling fire you can see the problem. We need to tern this raw material and raw potential energy into something we can use. The simplest and most cost effective way to do this is to compress it into a uniform shape, a pellet. Pellets resemble a colouring crayon, for most pellet stoves and boilers they have a diameter of either 6mm or 8mm so they can move well through the auger system that feeds to the stove or boiler.
Before you can tern your chosen biomass into fuel pellets you must mill it to a small uniform size, it is then ready to be feed into the pellet mill. When this milled material enters the pellet mill it is compressed between a roller and a die. The die has the holes to make the pellets, as stated these could be either 6mm or 8mm for your stove, but really many different sizes can be made for different purposes. The material gets compressed by the roller through the die, and heat and pressure re-form the material into a pellet. As more material enters the pellet mill the process continues. The pellets come out of the pellet mill hot and soft, once they have cooled they are hard and dense and ready for use.
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When buying pellets for your pellet stove or boiler, it is important to understand not all wood pellets are the same and not all stoves and boilers can burn every quality of wood pellet. Wood pellets range in quality depending on several factors. These factors range from the raw material used, the density of the wood pellets, the moisture content of the pellets and percentage of fines. Many countries have brought in quality standards, however there still seems to be quite a different range of wood pellets made to higher standards than others. There are high quality and low quality pellets, you must know the difference to know if you are getting a good deal. It is also important to understand the qualities of the wood pellets to know if your stove or boiler will successfully burn the pellets. Some pellet stoves and boilers because of the burn pot design have limited abilities to cope with increased ash contents and the possibility of clinker formations. Many pellet stoves only have the combustion air fan as a means to clean the burn pot. The air injected over the fire to fuel it, is the same air, which removes the ash. However when the pellets have higher ash content, this fan does not remove sufficient ash. This means after several hours the ash has built up and will start to effect combustion of the pellets. This effect on combustion will reduce the efficiency of the stove and reduce the heat produced. Many stoves will notice there is an issue with the stove and shutdown. If possible it is always better to choose a stove or boiler, which can handle higher ash fuels.
Some wood pellets contain paper and cardboard, this will give the pellets a higher content of ash. Also fast growing wood species such as willow will also have a higher ash content than many softwood and hardwood pellets. With regards to moisture in the pellets, you should check they have moisture content below 10%, and ideally between 5-8% to get the best efficiency. Fines are particles, which have either come from the pellets or were not formed into pellets in the production process. Look for pellets with a low fines percentage as fines can cause issues with the auger feed mechanism is some stoves and boilers.
Before purchasing tonnes of wood pellets, purchase a few bags for testing first. This may cost slightly more, however it will save money in the long run. To reduce the carbon footprint of your fuel pellets, try to source local wood pellets if possible. Transportation of pellets is reducing their green credentials. With increased transportation there is more carbon dioxide produced.
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